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App开发需要了解的基本技术

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PHP Java IOS 移动开发 C/C++ 2912 次浏览

本文针对小白用户对App做一个简单的介绍,首先要了解App都有哪些类型,不同的类型适用于哪些需求,用户可以根据自己的需求选择不同的App开发。

 

App有哪些形式

WebApp:简单来说,Web App就是针对iOS/Android优化后的web站点,用户不需要下载安装即可访问。一般的web站点测重使用网页技术在移动端做展示,包括文字,视频,图片等,而Web App更侧重“功能”,是基于网页技术开发实现特定功能的应用,必须依赖手机浏览器运行。Web App开发成本低,维护更新简单,支持云修复,用户不用下载更新,但是App的用户体验不足,页面跳转迟钝甚至卡壳,页面交互动态效果不灵活,而且可能上不了AppStore,如果企业的核心功能不多,App需求侧重于信息查询,浏览等基础功能,可以选择Web App。

 

Native App(原生App):Native App是基于智能手机操作系统(现在主流的是ios和Android)用原生程序编写运营的App。Native App运行时是基于本地操作系统的,所以它的兼容能力和访问能力更好,拥有最佳的用户体验、最好的交互界面,但也是开发难度最大,开发成本和维护成本最高的App。

 

Hybrid App(混合App):是指半原生半web的混合类App,同时采用网页语言和程序语言进行开发,通过不同的应用商店进行打包分发,用户需要下载安装使用。Hybrid App兼具Native App良好的用户交互体验和web App跨平台开发的优势,因在开发过程中使用网页语言,所以开发成本和难度大大降低。Native App是现在的主流应用,大型的App如淘宝/掌上百度/微信都是走的Hybrid App路线。

 

二开发不同类型的App需要用到哪些技术?

Web App:iOS/Android的内置浏览器是基于webkit内核的,所以在开发webApp时,多数使用html或html5、CSS3、JavaScript技术做UI布局,使其在网站页面上实现传统的C/S架构软件功能,服务端技术用java、php、ASP。现在也有很多一键生成webApp的平台,如百度siteApp/移动开发平台APICloud,APICloud平台提供基于腾讯x5浏览器引擎生成webApp,因为移动端的超级流量入口微信/手机qq等用的也是腾讯x5内置浏览器,所以用腾讯x5浏览器生成的App在移动页面展示时适配于微信的浏览体验,这样可以帮助webApp引流。

 

Native App:

开发Native App需要根据运行的手机系统采用不同的开发语言,开发Android App需要的开发语言是java,还需要熟悉Android环境和机制。主要知识点如下:

  1. 开发环境,Android Studio、eclipse.如何搭建Android开发环境可以去百度。
  2. 数据结构,App的某些功能涉及到做算法,所以要有一定的数学基础
  3. Android SDK,会API接口开发,包括自行开发API的能力和调用第三发API的经验。
  4. 熟悉tcp、IP,socket等网络协议
  5. 如果涉及到服务器,你还需要了解webservice相关知识和相应的开发语言,常用有PHP、JSP、ASP.Net.
  6. 除了这些功能基础,App开发还涉及到UI设计、框架、性能优化、调试适配等。

 

Objective-C是开发iOS系统App的主流编程语言,开发者一般用苹果公司的iOS SDK搭建开发环境,iOS SDK是开发iOS应用程序中不可少的软件开发包,提供了从创建程序,到编译、调试、运行、测试等多种开发过程中需要等工具。学习iOS开发可以去看苹果官方文档,这是最权威的ios教程。

 

Hybrid App:混合开发中主流的是以web为主体型的开发,即以网页语言编写,穿插Native功能的hybrid App开发类型,网页语言主要有html5、CSS3、JavaScript。Web主体型的App用户体验好坏,取决于底层中间件的交互与跨平台的能力。国内外有很多优秀的开发工具,如国外的AppmAkr、Appmobi,国内的APICloud,APICloud的底层引擎用Deep Engine,使用半翻译式原理,将运行中的web翻译成Native API,并且支持扩展API,开发时可调用用原生语言开发的功能模块,以此达到媲美原生App的用户体验,同时节省开发时间。

 

对企业来说,可以根据自己的需求选择不同的开发类型和开发工具,目前来看,Hybrid App已经成为移动开发趋势,一方面Hybrid App开发时不采用或者大部分不采用原生语言,却能拥有原生应用的特性,一方面随着web技术的发展,Hybrid App技术已经成熟,很多大型App淘宝、微信、携程都属于这种开发模式,Hybrid App给企业移动应用的开发、维护、更新都带来了极高的便捷性,从成本投入用户体验考虑,Hybrid App都是首选。

 

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