Four DaysFour Days on Railson Rails compiled by John McCreesh Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................................1 Day 1 on Rails...............................................................................................................................................3 The ‘To Do List’ application............................................................................................................................................. 3 Running the Rails script..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Adding the Application to the Web Server.....................................................................................................................3 Defining the Application in the hosts file................................................................................................................. 3 Defining the Application in the Apache Configuration file................................................................................... 3 Switching to fastcgi........................................................................................................................................................3 Checking that Rails is working.................................................................................................................................... 4 Versions of Rails............................................................................................................................................................4 Setting up the Database......................................................................................................................................................4 Creating the Categories Table......................................................................................................................................4 MySQL definition....................................................................................................................................................4 Data Model............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Scaffold..................................................................................................................................................................................5 Enhancing the Model..........................................................................................................................................................6 Creating Data Validation Rules................................................................................................................................... 6 Day 2 on Rails...............................................................................................................................................9 The Generated Scaffold Code...........................................................................................................................................9 The Controller................................................................................................................................................................9 The View.......................................................................................................................................................................10 Layout......................................................................................................................................................................11 Template..................................................................................................................................................................11 Partial.......................................................................................................................................................................12 The Rendered View for the “New” action........................................................................................................13 Analysing the View for the ‘List’ action.............................................................................................................13 Tailoring the Generated Scaffold Code.........................................................................................................................15 The Controller..............................................................................................................................................................15 The View.......................................................................................................................................................................15 Displaying Flash Messages...................................................................................................................................15 Sharing Variables between the Template and Layout......................................................................................16 Tidying up the Edit and New Screens............................................................................................................... 17 Day 3 on Rails.............................................................................................................................................19 The ‘Items’ Table...............................................................................................................................................................19 MySQL table defintion...............................................................................................................................................19 The Model.....................................................................................................................................................................19 Validating Links between Tables........................................................................................................................ 20 Validating User Input............................................................................................................................................20 The ‘Notes’ table............................................................................................................................................................... 20 MySQL table defintion...............................................................................................................................................20 The Model.....................................................................................................................................................................20 Using a Model to maintain Referential Integrity.............................................................................................. 21 More Scaffolding............................................................................................................................................................... 21 More on Views...................................................................................................................................................................21 Creating a Layout for the Application......................................................................................................................21 The ‘To Do List’ screen............................................................................................................................................. 22 Purging completed ‘To Dos’ by clicking on an icon....................................................................................... 23 Changing the Sort Order by clicking on the Column Headings....................................................................24 Adding a Helper.....................................................................................................................................................24 Using Javascript Navigation Buttons................................................................................................................. 25 Formatting a Table with a Partial........................................................................................................................25 Formatting based on Data Values...................................................................................................................... 26 Handling Missing Values in a Lookup...............................................................................................................26 The ‘New To Do’ Screen........................................................................................................................................... 26 Creating a Drop-down List for a Date Field.....................................................................................................27 Trapping Exceptions in Ruby..............................................................................................................................27 Creating a Drop-down List from a Lookup Table.......................................................................................... 28 Creating a Drop-down List from a List of Constants.....................................................................................28 Creating a Checkbox............................................................................................................................................. 28 Finishing Touches............................................................................................................................................................. 28 Tailoring the Stylesheet...............................................................................................................................................28 The ‘Edit To Do’ Screen............................................................................................................................................29 Day 4 on Rails.............................................................................................................................................31 The ‘Notes’ screens...........................................................................................................................................................31 Linking ‘Notes’ to the ‘Edit To Do’.........................................................................................................................31 The ‘Edit Notes’ Screen............................................................................................................................................. 32 The ‘New Note’ Screen.............................................................................................................................................. 32 Saving and retrieving Data using Session Variables.........................................................................................33 Changing the ‘Categories’ Screens..................................................................................................................................33 Navigation through the system....................................................................................................................................... 34 Setting the Home Page for the Application............................................................................................................35 Downloading a Copy of this Application......................................................................................................................35 and finally............................................................................................................................................................................35 Appendix – afterthoughts...........................................................................................................................37 Multiple Updates............................................................................................................................................................... 37 View............................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Controller......................................................................................................................................................................38 User Interface considerations....................................................................................................................................39 Still to be done................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Introduction There have been many extravagant claims made about Rails. For example, an article in OnLAMP.com1 claimed that “you could develop a web application at least ten times faster with Rails than you could with a typical Java framework...” The article then went on to show how to install Rails and Ruby on a PC and build a working ‘scaffold’ application with virtually no coding. While this is impressive, ‘real’ web developers know that this is smoke and mirrors. ‘Real’ applications aren’t as simple as that. What’s actually going on beneath the surface? How hard is it to go on and build ‘real’ applications? This is where life gets a little tricky. Rails is well documented on-line – in fact, possibly too well documented for beginners, with over 30,000 words of on-line documentation in the format of a reference manual. What’s missing is a roadmap (railmap?) pointing to the key pages that you need to know to get up and running in Rails development. This document sets out to fill that gap. It assumes you’ve got Ruby and Rails up on a PC (if you haven’t got this far, go back and follow Curt’s article). This takes you to the end of ‘Day 1 on Rails’. ‘Day 2 on Rails’ starts getting behind the smoke and mirrors. It takes you through the ‘scaffold’ code. New features are highlighted in bold, explained in the text, and followed by a reference to either Rails or Ruby documentation where you can learn more. ‘Day 3 on Rails’ takes the scaffold and starts to build something recognisable as a ‘real’ application. All the time, you are building up your tool box of Rails goodies. Most important of all, you should also be feeling comfortable with the on-line documentation so you can continue your explorations by yourself. ‘Day 4 on Rails’ adds in another table and deals with some of the complexities of maintaining relational integrity. At the end, you’ll have a working application, enough tools to get you started, and the knowledge of where to look for more help. Ten times faster? after four days on Rails, judge for yourself! Documentation: this document contains highlighted references, either to: • Documentation – the Rails documentation at http://api.rubyonrails.com (this documentation is also installed on your PC as part of your gems installation in a location like C:\Program Files\ruby\lib\ruby\gems\n.n\doc\actionpack-n.n.n\rdoc\index.html) • Ruby Documentation – “Programming Ruby - The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide” available online and for download at http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ruby-doc-bundle/ProgrammingRuby/index.html Acknowledgements: many thanks to the helpful people on the the irc channel2 and the mailing list3. The on- line archives record their invaluable assistance as I clawed my way up the Rails and Ruby leaning curves. Version: 2.3 using version 0.12.1 of Rails – see http://rails.homelinux.org for latest version and to download a copy of the ToDo code. Document written and pdf file generated with OpenOffice.org 'Writer'. Copyright: this work is copyright ©2005 John McCreesh jpmcc@users.sourceforge.net and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. 1 Rolling with Ruby on Rails, Curt Hibbs 20-Jan2005 http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/01/20/rails.html 2 irc://irc.freenode.org/rubyonrails 3 http://lists.rubyonrails.org/mailman/listinfo/rails Page 1 Day 1 on Rails The ‘To Do List’ application This document follows the building of a simple ‘To Do List’ application – the sort of thing you have on your PDA, with a list of items, grouped into categories, with optional notes (for a sneak preview of what it will look like, see Illustration 5: The ‘To Do List’ Screen on page 23). Running the Rails script This example is on my MS-Windows PC. My web stuff is at c:\www\webroot, which I label as drive w: to cut down on typing: C:\> subst w: c:\www\webroot C:\> w: W:\> rails ToDo W:\> cd ToDo W:\ToDo> Running rails ToDo creates a new directory ToDo\ and populates it with a series of files and subdirectories, the most important of which are as follows: app contains the core of the application, split between model, view, controller, and ‘helper’ subdirectories config contains the database.yml file which provides details of the database to used with the application log application specific logs. Note: development.log keeps a trace of every action Rails performs – very useful for error tracking, but does need regular purging! public the directory available for Apache, which includes images, javascripts, and stylesheets subdirectories Adding the Application to the Web Server As I’m running everything (Apache2, MySQL, etc) on a single development PC, the next two steps give a friendly name for the application in my browser. Defining the Application in the hosts file C:\winnt\system32\drivers\etc\hosts (excerpt) 127.0.0.1 todo Defining the Application in the Apache Configuration file Apache2\conf\httpd.conf ServerName todo DocumentRoot /www/webroot/ToDo/public Switching to fastcgi Unless you are patient (or have a powerful PC) you should enable fastcgi for this application Page 3 public\.htaccess # For better performance replace the dispatcher with the fastcgi one RewriteRule ^(.*)$ dispatch.fcgi [QSA,L] Checking that Rails is working The site should now be visible in your browser as http://todo/ (you should see the Congratulations, you've put Ruby on Rails! page in your browser). Versions of Rails By the time you read this document, Rails will probably have moved on several versions. If you intend to work through this document, check the versions installed on your PC: W:\ToDo>gem list --local If they are different from the versions listed below, then I would strongly advise you to download the versions used in ‘Four Days’, e.g.: W:\ToDo>gem install rails --version 0.12.1 This won’t break anything; Ruby’s gems library is designed to handle multiple versions. You can then force Rails to use the ‘Four Days’ versions with the ‘To Do List’ application by specifying: config\environment.rb (excerpt) # Require Rails libraries. require 'rubygems' require_gem 'activesupport', '= 1.0.4' require_gem 'activerecord', '= 1.10.1' require_gem 'actionpack', '= 1.8.1' require_gem 'actionmailer', '= 0.9.1' require_gem 'actionwebservice', '= 0.7.1' require_gem 'rails', '= 0.12.1' The reason using the same versions is quite simple. ‘Four Days’ uses a lot of code generated automatically by Rails. As Rails develops, so does this code – unfortunately, this document doesn’t (until I get round to producing a new version!). So, make life easy for yourself, and keep to the same versions as used in ‘Four Days’. Once you’ve finished working through ‘Four Days’, by all means go onto the latest and greatest Rails versions and see what improvements the Rails developers have come up with. Setting up the Database I’ve set up a new database called ‘todos’ in MySQL. Connection to the database is specified in the config\database.yml file config\database.yml (excerpt) development: adapter: mysql database: todos host: localhost username: foo password: bar Creating the Categories Table The categories table is used in the examples that follow. It’s simply a list of categories that will be used to group items in our To Do list. MySQL definition Categories table CREATE TABLE `categories` ( `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment, Page 4 `category` varchar(20) NOT NULL default '', `created_on` timestamp(14) NOT NULL, `updated_on` timestamp(14) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `category_key` (`category`) ) TYPE=MyISAM COMMENT='List of categories'; Some hints and gotchas for table and field naming: • underscores in field names will be changed to spaces by Rails for ‘human friendly’ names • beware mixed case in field names – some parts of the Rails code have case sensitivities • every table should have a primary key called ‘id’ - in MySQL it’s easiest to have this as numeric auto_increment • links to other tables should follow the same ‘_id’ naming convention • Rails will automatically maintain fields called created_at/created_on or updated_at/updated_on, so it’s a good idea to add them in Documentation: ActiveRecord::Timestamp • Useful tip: if you are building a multi-user system (not relevant here), Rails will also do optimistic locking if you add a field called lock_version (integer default 0). All you need to remember is to include lock_version as a hidden field on your update forms. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Locking Data Model Generate an empty file: W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate model category exists app/models/ exists test/unit/ exists test/fixtures/ create app/models/category.rb create test/unit/category_test.rb create test/fixtures/categories.yml W:\ToDo> which creates an empty category.rb, and two test files category_controller_test.rb and categories.yml. We’ll make some entries in the data model in a minute – leave it empty just now. Scaffold The controller is at the heart of a Rails application. Running the generate controller script W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate controller category exists app/controllers/ exists app/helpers/ create app/views/category exists test/functional/ create app/controllers/category_controller.rb create test/functional/category_controller_test.rb create app/helpers/category_helper.rb W:\ToDo> which creates two files and two empty directories: app\controllers\category_controller.rb app\helpers\category_helper.rb app\views\categories app\views\layouts If you haven’t already seen the model / scaffold trick in operation in a beginner’s tutorial like Rolling with Ruby on Rails, try it now and amazed yourself how a whole web app can be written in one line of code: Page 5 app\controllers\category_controller.rb class CategoryController < ApplicationController scaffold :category end Documentation: ActionController::Scaffolding Point your browser at http://todo/category and marvel at how clever it is :-) To find out how clever it is not, try adding the same new category twice. Rails will collapse with a messy error message ‘ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid in Category#create’. You can fix this by adding validation into the Model. Enhancing the Model The Model is where all the data-related rules are stored, including data validation and relational integrity. This means you can define a rule once, and Rails will automatically apply them wherever the data is accessed. Creating Data Validation Rules Rails gives you a lot of error handling for free (almost). To demonstrate this, add some validation rules to the empty category model: app\models\category.rb class Category < ActiveRecord::Base validates_length_of :category, :within => 1..20 validates_uniqueness_of :category, :message => "already exists" end These entries will give automatic checking that: • validates_length_of: the field is not blank and not too long • validates_uniqueness_of: duplicate values are trapped. I don’t like the default Rails error message - ‘xxx has already been taken’ - so I provide my own. This is a general feature of Rails – try the defaults first; if you don’t like anything, overwrite it. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods Page 6 Illustration 1: Scaffold 'List' screen To try this out, now try to insert a duplicate record again. This time, Rails handles the error rather than crashing - see below. The style is a bit in your face – it's not the most subtle of user interfaces. However, what do you expect for free? Page 7 Illustration 2: Capturing data errors Day 2 on Rails To progress beyond this point, we need to see what’s happening behind the scenes. During day 2, we will work systematically through the scaffold code generated by Rails, deciphering what it all means. With the scaffold action, Rails generates all the code it needs dynamically. By running scaffold as a script, we can get all the code written to disk where we can investigate it and then start tailoring it to our requirements. Running the generate scaffold script W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate scaffold category dependency model exists app/models/ exists test/unit/ exists test/fixtures/ skip app/models/category.rb skip test/unit/category_test.rb skip test/fixtures/categories.yml exists app/controllers/ exists app/helpers/ create app/views/categories exists test/functional/ create app/controllers/categories_controller.rb create test/functional/categories_controller_test.rb create app/helpers/categories_helper.rb create app/views/layouts/categories.rhtml create public/stylesheets/scaffold.css create app/views/categories/list.rhtml create app/views/categories/show.rhtml create app/views/categories/new.rhtml create app/views/categories/edit.rhtml create app/views/categories/_form.rhtml W:\ToDo> This script generates a range of files needed to create a complete application, including a controller, views, layouts, and even a style sheet. Note the slightly bizarre naming convention – we've moved from the singular to the plural, so to use the new code you need to point your browser at http://todo/categories. In fact, to avoid confusion, it’s best to delete app\controllers\category_controller.rb etc in case you run it accidentally. The Generated Scaffold Code The Controller Let’s look at the code behind the controller. The controller is where the programming logic for the application lies. It interacts with the user using views, and with the database through models. You should be able to read the controller and see how the application hangs together. The controller produced by the generate scaffold script is listed below: \app\controllers\categories_controller.rb class CategoriesController < ApplicationController def index list render_action 'list' end def list @category_pages, @categories = paginate :category, :per_page => 10 end def show @category = Category.find(@params[:id]) end def new Page 9 @category = Category.new end def create @category = Category.new(@params[:category]) if @category.save flash['notice'] = 'Category was successfully created.' redirect_to :action => 'list' else render_action 'new' end end def edit @category = Category.find(@params[:id]) end def update @category = Category.find(@params[:id]) if @category.update_attributes(@params[:category]) flash['notice'] = 'Category was successfully updated.' redirect_to :action => 'show', :id => @category else render_action 'edit' end end def destroy Category.find(@params[:id]).destroy redirect_to :action => 'list' end end When the user of a Rails application selects an action – e.g. ‘Show’ - the controller will execute any code in the appropriate section – ‘def show’ - and then by default will render a template of the same name - ‘show.rthml’. This default behaviour can be overwritten: • render_template allows you to render a different template – e.g. the index action will run the code for ‘list’ - ‘def list’, and will then render list.rhtml rather than index.rhtml (which doesn’t exist) • redirect_to goes one stage further, and uses an external ‘302 moved’ HTTP response to loop back into the controller – e.g. the destroy action doesn’t need to render a template. After performing its main purpose (destroying a category), it simply takes the user to the list action. Documentation: ActionController::Base The controller uses ActiveRecord methods such as find, find_all, new, save, update_attributes, and destroy to move data to and from the database tables. Note that you do not have to write any SQL statements, but if you want to see what SQL Rails is using, it’s all written to the development.log file. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Base Notice how one logical activity from the user’s perspective may require two passes through the controller: for example, updating a record in the table. When the user selects ‘Edit’, the controller extracts the record they want to edit from the model, and then renders the edit.view. When the user has finished editing, the edit view invokes the update action, which updates the model and then invokes the show action. The View Views are where the user interface are defined. Rails can render the final HTML page presented to the user from three components: Page 10 Layout Template Partial in app\views\layouts\ default: application.rhtml or .rhtml in app\views\\ default: .rhtml in app\views\\ default _.rhtml • A Layout provides common code used by all actions, typically the start and end of the HTML sent to the browser. • A Template provides code specific to an action, e.g. ‘List’ code, ‘Edit’ code, etc. • A Partial provides common code - ‘subroutines’ - which can be used in used in multiple actions – e.g. code used to lay out tables for a form. Layout Rails Naming conventions: if there is a template in app\views\layouts\ with the same name as the current controller then it will be automatically set as that controller’s layout unless explicitly told otherwise. A layout with the name application.rhtml or application.rxml will be set as the default controller if there is no layout with the same name as the current controller, and there is no layout explicitly assigned. The layout generated by the scaffold script looks like this: app\views\layouts\categories.rhtml Categories: <%= controller.action_name %> <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'scaffold' %> <%= @content_for_layout %> This is mostly HTML, plus a few bits of Ruby code embedded within <% %> tags. This layout will be called by the rendering process regardless of the action being run. It contains the standard HTML tags – the ...... that will appear on every page. The Ruby bits in bold are translated into HTML during the Rails rendering process as follows: • action_name is an ActionController method which returns the name of the action the controller is processing (e.g. ‘List’) - this puts an appropriate title on the page, depending on the action being run. Documentation: ActionController::Base • stylesheet_link_tag is a Rails helper - a lazy way of generating code. There are a lot of these ‘helpers’ within Rails. This one simply generates the following HTML: Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper • content_for_layout is the key to what happens next. It allows a single standard layout to have dynamic content inserted at rendering time based on the action being performed (e.g. ‘edit’, ‘new’, ‘list’). This dynamic content comes from a Template with the same name – see below. Documentation: ActionController::Layout::ClassMethods. Template Rails naming convention: templates are held in app\views\categories\‘action’.rhtml. Page 11 The new.rhtml created by the scaffold script is given below: app\views\categories\new.rhtml We saw this in action on Day 1 - Illustration 2: Capturing data errors on page 7. Note: the css tags match Page 12 corresponding statements in the stylesheet created by the generate scaffold script. Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::ActiveRecordHelper • text_field is a Rails Helper which generate this HTML: . The first parameter is the table name; the second is the field name. Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper Note a little bug in Rails – it knows not to create input fields for the reserved field names created_on and updated_on, but it still generates labels for them. The Rendered View for the “New” action We’re now in a position to look at the code that’s returned to the browser in response to the “New” action, and see where it’s all come from. The Layout supplies the bold text; the Template the Regular text; and the Partial the Italic text: app\views\categories\new.rhtml Categories: new
<%= link_to "Previous page", { :page => @category_pages.current.previous } if @category_pages.current.previous %> <%= link_to "Next page", { :page => @category_pages.current.next } if @category_pages.current.next %>
<%= link_to 'New category', :action => 'new' %> • content_columns returns an array of column objects excluding any ‘special’ columns (the primary id, all columns ending in ‘_id’ or ‘_count’, and columns used for single table inheritance) Documentation: ActionController::Base • human_name is a synonym for human_attribute_name, which transforms attribute key names into a more human format, such as ‘First name’ instead of ‘first_name’ Documentation: ActiveRecord::Base • h automatically ‘escapes’ HTML code. One of the problems with allowing users to input data which is then displayed on the screen is that they could accidentally (or maliciously) type in code which could break the system when it was displayed4. To guard against this, it is good practice to ‘HTML escape’ any data which has been provided by users. This means that e.g. is rendered as </table> which is harmless. Rails makes this really simple – just add an ‘h’ as shown • confirm is a useful optional parameter for the link_to helper – it generates a Javascript pop-up box which forces the user to confirm the Destroy before actioning the link: 4 For example, think what would happen if a user typed in “” as a Category. Page 14 Illustration 3: Javascript pop-up Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper The paging logic takes a bit of unravelling.. Ruby can use if as a modifier: expression if boolean- expression evaluates expression only if boolean-expression is true. @category_pages.current returns a Page object representing the paginator’s current page ActionController::Pagination::Paginator and @category_pages.current.previous returns a new Page object representing the page just before this page, or nil if this is the first page ActionController::Pagination::Paginator::Page So, if there is a previous page to navigate to, then this construct will display a link; if there isn’t, the link is suppressed. The rendered code for page n will look like: Previous page Next page Tailoring the Generated Scaffold Code The code generated by the Scaffold script is perfectly usable ‘out of the box’, and is robust once you have added enough validation into your data model. However, if that’s all there was to developing Rails applications, then programmers would be out of a job, which would clearly not be a good thing :-) So let’s do some tailoring: The Controller In a ‘List’ view, I would expect the records to be displayed in alphabetical order. This requires a minor change to the controller: app\controllers\categories_controller.rb (excerpt) def list @category_pages, @categories = paginate :category, :per_page => 10, :order_by => 'category' end Documentation: ActionController::Pagination In this application, the show screen is unnecessary – all the fields fit comfortably on a single row on the screen. So, def show can disappear, and let’s go straight back to the list screen after an ‘Edit’: app\controllers\categories_controller.rb (excerpt) def update @category = Category.find(@params[:id]) if @category.update_attributes(@params[:category]) flash['notice'] = 'Category was successfully updated.' redirect_to :action => 'list' else render_action 'edit' end end The flash message will be picked up and displayed on the next screen to be displayed – in this case, the list screen. By default, the scaffold script doesn’t display flash messages - we’ll change this in a minute – see below. The View Displaying Flash Messages Rails provides a technique for passing ‘flash’ messages back to the user – e.g. an ‘Update Successful’ message which displays on the next screen and then disappears. These can be picked up easily with a small change to the Layout (adding it to the Layout means it will appear on any screen): Page 15 app\views\layouts\categories.rhtmlCategories: <%= controller.action_name %> <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'scaffold' %>
<%= link_to 'New category', :action => 'new' %> <% if @category_pages.page_count>1 %>
Page: <%=pagination_links @category_pages %>
<% end %> • I don’t like the default date format, so I use a Ruby method strftime() to format the date and time fields the way I want them. Ruby Documentation: class Time Page 16 • pagination_links creates a basic HTML link bar for the given paginator ActionView::Helpers::PaginationHelper Tidying up the Edit and New Screens A few changes to the Partial used by ‘New’ and ‘Edit’: use a table to improve the layout; get rid of the unwanted created_on/updated_on labels; and prevent the user typing too much into the Category field: app\views\categories\_form.rhtml <%= error_messages_for 'category' %>
and a few minor changes to the two templates (note in particular the use of @heading):: app\views\categories\Edit.rhtml <% @heading = "Edit Category" %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'update', :id => @category %> <%= render_partial "form" %>
<%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= end_form_tag %> <%= link_to 'Back', :action => 'list' %> app\views\categories\New.rhtml <% @heading = "New Category" %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'create' %> <%= render_partial "form" %>
<%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= end_form_tag %> <%= link_to 'Back', :action => 'list' %> That takes us to the end of Day 2. We have a working system for maintaining our Categories table, and have started to take control of the scaffold code which Rails has generated. Page 17 Day 3 on Rails Now it’s time to start on the heart of the application. The Items table contains the list of ‘To Dos’. Every Item may belong to one of the Categories we created on Day 2. An Item optionally may have one Note, held in a separate table, which we will look at tomorrow. Each table has a primary key ‘id’, which is also used to record links between the tables. The ‘Items’ Table MySQL table defintion The fields in the Items table are as follows: • done - 1 means the To Do item has been completed5 • priority – 1 (high priority) to 5 (low priority) • description – free text stating what is to be done • due_date – stating when it is to be done by • category_id – a link to the Category this item comes under (‘id’ in the Categories table) • note_id – a link to an optional Note explaining this item (‘id’ in the Notes table) • private – 1 means the To Do item is classed as ‘Private’ Items table CREATE TABLE items ( id smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment, done tinyint(1) unsigned NOT NULL default '0', priority tinyint(1) unsigned NOT NULL default '3', description varchar(40) NOT NULL default '', due_date date default NULL, category_id smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL default '0', note_id smallint(5) unsigned default NULL, private tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL default '0', created_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, updated_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ) TYPE=MyISAM COMMENT='List of items to be done'; The Model As before, Rails can generate an empty model file: W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate model item exists app/models/ exists test/unit/ exists test/fixtures/ create app/models/item.rb create test/unit/item_test.rb create test/fixtures/items.yml W:\ToDo> 5 MySQL doesn’t have a ‘boolean’ type, so we have to use 0/1 Page 19 Illustration 4: Simplified Data Model Categories id Notes id Items id category_id note_id which we can populate: app\models\item.rb class Item < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :category validates_associated :category validates_format_of :done_before_type_cast, :with => /[01]/, :message=>"must be 0 or 1" validates_inclusion_of :priority, :in=>1..5, :message=>"must be between 1 (high) and 5 (low)" validates_presence_of :description validates_length_of :description, :maximum=>40 validates_format_of :private_before_type_cast, :with => /[01]/, :message=>"must be 0 or 1" end Validating Links between Tables • the use of belongs_to and validates_associated links the Items table with the item_id field in the Category table. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods Validating User Input • validates_presence_of protects ‘NOT NULL’ fields against missing user input • validates_format_of uses regular expressions to check the format of user input • when a user types input for a numeric field, Rails will always convert it to a number – if all else fails, a zero. If you want to check that the user has actually typed in a number, then you need to validate the input _before_type_cast, which lets you access the ‘raw’ input6. • validates_inclusion_of checks user input against a range of permitted values • validates_length_of prevents the user entering data which would be truncated when stored7. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods The ‘Notes’ table This table contains a single free text field to hold further information for a particular To Do Item. This data could of course have been held in a field on the Items table; however, if you do it this way you’ll learn a lot more about Rails :-) MySQL table defintion Notes table CREATE TABLE notes ( id smallint(6) NOT NULL auto_increment, more_notes text NOT NULL, created_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, updated_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ) TYPE=MyISAM COMMENT='Additional optional information for to-dos'; The Model Generate the empty model file, but it contains nothing new: app\models\note.rb class Note < ActiveRecord::Base validates_presence_of :more_notes end 6 What might seem a more obvious alternative: validates_inclusion_of :done_before_type_cast, :in=>"0".."1", :message=>"must be between 0 and 1" – fails if the input field is left blank 7 You could combine the two rules for the Description field into one: validates_length_of :description, :within => 1..40 Page 20 but we need to remember to add this link into the Items model: app\models\item.rb (excerpt) class Item < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :note Using a Model to maintain Referential Integrity The code we are about to develop will allow a user to add one Note to any Item. But what happens when a user deletes an Item which has an associated Note? Clearly, we need to find a way of deleting the Note record too, otherwise we get left with ‘orphaned’ Notes records. In the Model / View / Controller way of doing things, this code belongs in the Model. Why? well, you’ll see later that we can delete Item records by clicking on a Dustbin icon on the ‘To Do’ screen, but we can also delete them by clicking on Purge completed items. By putting the code into the Model, it will be run regardless of where the delete action comes from. app\models\item.rb (excerpt) def before_destroy unless note_id.nil? Note.find(note_id).destroy end end This reads: before you delete an Item record, find the record in Notes whose id equals the value of Note_id in the Item record you are about to delete, and delete it first. Unless there isn’t one :-) Similarly, if a record is deleted from the Notes table, then any reference to it in the Items table needs to be erased: app\models\note.rb (excerpt) def before_destroy Item.find_by_note_id(id).update_attribute('note_id',NIL) end end Documentation: ActiveRecord::Callbacks More Scaffolding Let’s generate some more scaffold code. We’ll do this for both the Items table and the Notes table. We aren’t ready to work on Notes as yet, but having the scaffold in place means we can refer to Notes in today’s coding without generating lots of errors. Just like building a house – scaffolding allows you to build one wall at a time without everything crashing around your ears. W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate scaffold Item [snip] W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate scaffold Note [snip] W:\ToDo> Note: as we tailored the stylesheet yesterday, reply “n” to the “overwrite public/stylesheets/scaffold.css? [Ynaq]” prompt. More on Views Creating a Layout for the Application By now, it is becoming obvious that all my templates will have the same first few lines of code, so it makes sense to move this common code into an application-wide layout. Delete all the app\views\layouts\*.rhtml files, Page 21 and replace with a common application.rhtml. app\views\layouts\application.rhtml<%= @heading %> <%= stylesheet_link_tag 'todo' %> as well as <h1>. I’ve renamed the public/stylesheets/scaffold.css to todo.css for tidiness, and also generally played with colours, table borders, to give a prettier layout. I’ve also added in a little Javascript to automatically position the cursor in the first input field in the browser ready for the user to start typing. The ‘To Do List’ screen What I’m trying to achieve is a look based on a PalmPilot or similar PDA desktop. The end product is shown in Illustration 5: The ‘To Do List’ Screen8. Some points: • clicking on the ‘tick’ () column heading will purge all the completed items (those marked with a tick) • the display can be sorted by clicking on the ‘Pri’, ‘Description’, ‘Due Date’, and ‘Category’ column headings • the 0/1 values for ‘Done’ are converted into a little ‘tick’ icon • items past their due date are coloured red and shown in bold • the presence of an associated note is shown by ‘note’ icon • the 0/1 values for ‘Private’ are converted into a padlock symbol • individual items can be edited or deleted by clicking on the icons on the right of the screen • the display has a nice ‘stripey’ effect • new items can be added by clicking on the ‘New To Do...’ button at the bottom of the screen • there’s a button link to the ‘Categories’ stuff from day 2 8 It’s amazing what a few lines in a stylesheet can do to change the appearance of a screen, plus of course a collection of icons... Page 22 The template used to achieve this is built up as follows: app\views\items\list.rhtml <% @heading = "To Do List" %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'new' %> <table> <tr> <th><%= link_to_image "done", {:action => "purge_completed"}, :confirm => "Are you sure you want to permanently delete all completed To Dos?" %></th> <th><%= link_to_image "priority",{:action => "list_by_priority"}, "alt" => "Sort by Priority" %></th> <th><%= link_to_image "description",{:action => "list_by_description"}, "alt" => "Sort by Description" %></th> <th><%= link_to_image "due_date", {:action => "list"}, "alt" => "Sort by Due Date" %></th> <th><%= link_to_image "category", {:action => "list_by_category"}, "alt" => "Sort by Category" %></th> <th><%= show_image "note" %></th> <th><%= show_image "private" %></th> <th> </th> <th> </th> </tr> <%= render_collection_of_partials "list_stripes", @items %> </table> <hr /> <%= submit_tag "New To Do..." %> <%= submit_tag "Categories...", {:type => 'button', :onClick=>"parent.location='" + url_for( :controller => 'categories', :action => 'list' ) + "'" } %> <%= end_form_tag %> <%= "Page: " + pagination_links(@item_pages, :params => { :action => @params["action"] || "index" }) + "<hr />" if @item_pages.page_count>1 %> Purging completed ‘To Dos’ by clicking on an icon Clickable images are created by link_to_image, which by default expects to find an image in pub/images with a .png suffix; clicking on the image will run the specified method. Adding in the :confirm parameter generates a javascript pop-up dialogue box as before. Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper Page 23 Illustration 5: The ‘To Do List’ Screen Clicking ‘OK’ will invokes the purge_completed method. This new purge_completed method needs to be defined in the controller: app\controllers\items_controller.rb (excerpt) def purge_completed Item.destroy_all "done = 1" redirect_to :action => 'list' end Item.destroy_all deletes all the records in the Items table where the value of the field done is 1, and then reruns the list action. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Base Changing the Sort Order by clicking on the Column Headings Clicking on the Pri icon invokes a list_by_priority method. This new list_by_priority method needs to be defined in the controller: app\controllers\items_controller.rb (excerpt) def list @item_pages, @items = paginate :item, :per_page => 10, :order_by => 'due_date,priority' end def list_by_priority @item_pages, @items = paginate :item, :per_page => 10, :order_by => 'priority,due_date' render_action 'list' end We’ve specified a sort order for the default list method, and created a new list_by_priority method9. Note also that we need to explicitly render_action 'list', as by default Rails would try to render a template called list_by_priority (which doesn’t exist :-) Adding a Helper The headings for the Note and Private columns are images, but are not clickable. I decided to write a little method show_image(name) to just show the image: app\helpers\application_helper.rb module ApplicationHelper def self.append_features(controller) controller.ancestors.include?(ActionController::Base) ? controller.add_template_helper(self) : super end def show_image(src) img_options = { "src" => src.include?("/") ? src : "/images/#{src}" } img_options["src"] = img_options["src"] + ".png" unless img_options["src"].include?(".") img_options["border"] = "0" tag("img", img_options) end end Once this helper has been linked in by the controller: app\controllers\application.rb class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base helper :Application end 9 list_by_description and list_by_category are similar and are left as an easy exercise for the reader. However, if you get stuck with list_by_category, see Still to be done on page 39 Page 24 it is available for all the templates in the application. Documentation: ActionView::Helpers Using Javascript Navigation Buttons onClick is a standard Javascript technique for handling button actions such as navigating to a new web page. However, Rails goes to great lengths to rewrite pretty URLs, so we need to ask Rails for the correct URL to use. Given a controller and an action, url_for will return the URL. Documentation: ActionController::Base Formatting a Table with a Partial I wanted to create a nice stripey effect for the list of items. Partials provide the solution; they can either be invoked by the render_partial method: <% for item in @items %> <%= render_partial "list_stripes", item %> <% end %> or by the more economical render_collection_of_partials: render_collection_of_partials "list_stripes", @items Documentation: ActionView::Partials Rails also passes a sequential number list_stripes_counter to the Partial. This is the key to formatting alternate rows in the table with either a light grey background or a dark grey background. One way is simply to test whether the counter is odd or even: if odd, use light gray; if even, use dark gray. The completed Partial is as follows: app\views\items\_list_stripes.rhtml <tr class="<%= list_stripes_counter.modulo(2).nonzero? ? "dk_gray" : "lt_gray" %>"> <td style="text-align: center"><%= list_stripes["done"] == 1 ? show_image("done_ico.gif") : " " %></td> <td style="text-align: center"><%= list_stripes["priority"] %></td> <td><%=h list_stripes["description"] %></td> <% if list_stripes["due_date"].nil? %> <td> </td> <% else %> <%= list_stripes["due_date"] < Date.today ? '<td class="past_due" style="text- align: center">' : '<td style="text-align: center">' %><%= list_stripes["due_date"].strftime("%d/%m/%y") %></td> <% end %> <td><%=h list_stripes.category ? list_stripes.category["category"] : "Unfiled" %></td> <td><%= list_stripes["note_id"].nil? ? " " : show_image("note_ico.gif") %></td> <td><%= list_stripes["private"] == 1 ? show_image("private_ico.gif") : " " %></td> <td><%= link_to_image("edit", { :controller => 'items', :action => "edit", :id => list_stripes.id }) %></td> <td><%= link_to_image("delete", { :controller => 'items', :action => "destroy", :id => list_stripes.id }, :confirm => "Are you sure you want to delete this item?") %></td> </tr> A little bit of Ruby is used to test if the counter is odd or even and render either class=“dk_gray” or class=“lt_gray”: list_stripes_counter.modulo(2).nonzero? ? "dk_gray" : "lt_gray" the code as far as the first question mark asks: is the remainder when you divide list_stripes_counter by 2 nonzero? Ruby Documentation: class Numeric The remainder of the line is actually a cryptic if then else expression which sacrifices readability for brevity: if the Page 25 expression before the question mark is true, return the value before the colon; else return the value after the colon. Ruby Documentation: Expressions The two tags dk_gray and lt_gray are then defined in the stylesheet: public\stylesheets\ToDo.css (excerpt) .lt_gray { background-color: #e7e7e7; } .dk_gray { background-color: #d6d7d6; } Note: the same if then else construct is used to display the ‘tick’ icon if list_stripes["done"]equals 1, otherwise display an HTML blank space character: list_stripes["done"] == 1 ? show_image("done_ico") : " " Formatting based on Data Values It’s also easy to highlight specific data items – for example, dates in the past. list_stripes["due_date"] < Date.today ? '<td class="past_due">' : '<td>' Again, this needs a matching .past_due stylesheet entry. Handling Missing Values in a Lookup We want the system to be able to cope with the situation where the user deletes a Category which is in use by To Do items. In this case, the Category should be displayed as ‘Unfiled’: list_stripes.category ? list_stripes.category["category"] : 'Unfiled' OK. if you’ve followed this so far, you should have a ‘To Do List’ screen looking something like Illustration 5 The ‘To Do List’ Screen on page 23. The ‘New To Do’ Screen Turning next to what happens when the ‘New To Do...’ button is pressed. Again, there are few new tricks lurking in the code. The template is minimal: app\views\items\new.rhtml <% @heading = "New To Do" %> <%= error_messages_for 'item' %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'create' %> Page 26 Illustration 6 New 'To Do' screen <table> <%= render_partial "form" %> </table> <hr /> <%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= submit_tag "Cancel", {:type => 'button', :onClick=>"parent.location='" + url_for( :action => 'list' ) + "'" } %> <%= end_form_tag %> and the real work is done in the partial, where it can be shared with the ‘Edit’ action: app\views\items\_form.rhtml <tr> <td><b>Description: </b></td> <td><%= text_field "item", "description", "size" => 40, "maxlength" => 40 %></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Date due: </b></td> <td><%= date_select "item", "due_date", :use_month_numbers => true %></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Category: </b></td> <td><select id="item_category_id" name="item[category_id]"> <%= options_from_collection_for_select @categories, "id", "category", @item.category_id %> </select> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Priority: </b></td> <% @item.priority = 3 %> <td><%= select "item","priority",[1,2,3,4,5] %></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Private? </b></td> <td><%= check_box "item","private" %></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Complete? </b></td> <td><%= check_box "item", "done" %></td> </tr> Creating a Drop-down List for a Date Field date_select generates a rudimentary drop-down menu for date input: date_select "item", "due_date", :use_month_numbers => true Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper Trapping Exceptions in Ruby Unfortunately, date_select quite happily accepts dates like 31st February. Rails then dies when it tries to save this ‘date’ to the database. One workround is to trap this failed save using rescue, a Ruby exception handling method app\controllers\items_controller.rb (excerpt) def create begin @item = Item.new(@params[:item]) if @item.save flash['notice'] = 'Item was successfully created.' redirect_to :action => 'list_by_priority' else @categories = Category.find_all render_action 'new' end rescue flash['notice'] = 'Item could not be saved.' Page 27 redirect_to :action => 'new' end end Ruby Documentation: Exceptions, Catch, and Throw Creating a Drop-down List from a Lookup Table This is another example of Rails solving an everyday coding problem in an extremely economical way. In this example: options_from_collection_for_select @categories, "id", "category", @item.category_id options_from_collection_for_select reads all the records in categories and renders them as <option value=”[value of id]”>[value of category]</option>. The record that matches @item_category_id will be tagged as ‘selected’. As is this wasn’t enough, the code even html_escapes the data for you. Neat. Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper Note that data driven drop down boxes have to get their data from somewhere – which means an addition to the controller: app\controllers\items_controller.rb (excerpt) def new @categories = Category.find_all @item = Item.new end def edit @categories = Category.find_all @item = Item.find(@params[:id]) end Creating a Drop-down List from a List of Constants This is a simpler version of the previous scenario. Hard-coding lists of values into selection boxes isn’t always a good idea – it’s easier to change data in tables than edit values in code. However, there are cases where it’s a perfectly valid approach, so in Rails you do: select "item","priority",[1,2,3,4,5] Note also how to set a default value in the previous line of code. Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper Creating a Checkbox Another regular requirement; another helper in Rails: check_box "item","private" Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper Finishing Touches Tailoring the Stylesheet At this point, the ‘To Do List’ screen should work, and so should the ‘New To Do’ button. To produce the screens shown here, I also made the following changes to the stylesheet: public\stylesheets\ToDo.css body { background-color: #c6c3c6; color: #333; } .notice { color: red; background-color: white; } Page 28 h1 { font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; } table { background-color:#e7e7e7; border: outset 1px; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 1px; } td { border: inset 1px; } .notice { color: red; background-color: white; } .lt_gray { background-color: #e7e7e7; } .dk_gray { background-color: #d6d7d6; } .hightlight_gray { background-color: #4a9284; } .past_due { color: red } The ‘Edit To Do’ Screen The rest of Day 3 is taken up building the ‘Edit To Do’ screen, which is very similar to the ‘New To Do’. I used to get really annoyed with college text books which stated: this is left as an easy exercise for the reader, so now it’s great to be able to do the same to you10. Which takes us to the end of Day 3 – and the application now looks nothing like a Rails scaffold, but under the surface, we’re still using a whole range of Rails tools to make development easy. 10 But unlike my college text book authors, I do reveal the answers on Day 4 :-) - see app\views\items\edit.rhtml on page 31 Page 29 Day 4 on Rails The ‘Notes’ screens Linking ‘Notes’ to the ‘Edit To Do’ Although the Notes scaffold code gives the full CRUD facilities, we don’t want the user to invoke any of this directly. Instead, if an Item has no associated Note, we want to be able to create one by clicking on a Notes icon on the Edit To Do screen: If a Note already exists, we want to edit or delete it by clicking on the appropriate icon on the Edit To Do screen: First of all, let’s look at the code for the ‘Edit To Do’ screen. Note how the Notes buttons change according to whether a Note already exists, and how control is transferred to the Notes controller: app\views\items\edit.rhtml <% @heading = "Edit To Do" %> <%= error_messages_for 'item' %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'update', :id => @item %> <table> <%= render_partial "form" %> Page 31 Illustration 7: Creating a New Note from the ‘Edit To Do’ screen Illustration 8: Editing or Deleting an existing Note <tr> <td><b>Notes: </b></td> <% if @item.note_id.nil? %> <td>None</td> <td><%= link_to_image "note", :controller => "notes", :action => "new", :id => @item.id %></td> <% else %> <td><%=h @item.note.more_notes %></td> <td><%= link_to_image "edit_button", :controller => "notes", :action => "edit", :id => @item.note_id %></td> <td><%= link_to_image "delete_button", {:controller => "notes", :action => "destroy", :id => @item.note_id }, :confirm => "Are you sure you want to delete this note?" %></td> <% end %> </tr> </table> <hr /> <%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= submit_tag "Cancel", {:type => 'button', :onClick=>"parent.location='" + url_for( :action => 'list' ) + "'" } %> <%= end_form_tag %> The ‘Edit Notes’ Screen Editing an existing Note is pretty straightforward. This is the Template: app\views\notes\edit.rhtml <% @heading = "Edit Note" %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'update', :id => @note %> <%= render_partial "form" %> <%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= submit_tag "Cancel", {:type => 'button', :onClick=>"parent.location='" + url_for( :controller => 'items', :action => 'list' ) + "'" } %> <%= end_form_tag %> and its matching Partial: app\views\notes\_form.rhtml <table> <tr> <td><label for="note_more_notes">More notes</label></td> <td><%= text_area 'note', 'more_notes' %></td> </tr> </table> Once the update or destroy of the Notes table is complete, we want to return to the ‘To Do List’ screen: app\controllers\notes_controller.rb (excerpt) def update @note = Note.find(@params[:id]) if @note.update_attributes(@params[:note]) flash['notice'] = 'Note was successfully updated.' redirect_to :controller => 'items', :action => 'list' else render_action 'edit' end end def destroy Note.find(@params[:id]).destroy redirect_to :controller => 'items', :action => 'list' end Remember that the referential integrity rules we have already created will ensure that when a Note is deleted, any references to it in Items will be removed too (see Using a Model to maintain Referential Integrity on page 21). The ‘New Note’ Screen Create is a bit more tricky. What we want to do is: Page 32 • store the new note in the Notes table • find the id of the newly created record in the Notes table • record this id back in the notes_id field of the associated record in the Items table Session variables provide a useful way of persisting data between screens – we can use them here to store the Id of the record in the Notes table. Documentation: ActionController::Base Saving and retrieving Data using Session Variables First of all, when we go off to create the new Notes record, we pass the id of the Item we are editing: app\views\items\edit.rhtml (excerpt) <td><%= link_to_image "note", :controller => "notes", :action => "new", :id => @item.id %></td> The new method in the Notes controller stores this away in a session variable: app\controllers\notes_controller.rb (excerpt) def new @session[:item_id] = @params[:id] @note = Note.new end The ‘New Notes’ template has no surprises: app\views\notes\new.rhtml <% @heading = "New Note" %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'create' %> <%= render_partial "form" %> <%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= submit_tag "Cancel", {:type => 'button', :onClick=>"parent.location='" + url_for( :controller => 'items', :action => 'list' ) + "'" } %> <%= end_form_tag %> The create method retrieves the session variable again and uses it to find the record in the Items table. It then updates the note_id in the Item table with the id of the record it has just created in the Note table, and returns to the Items controller again: app\controllers\notes_controller.rb (excerpt) def create @note = Note.new(@params[:note]) if @note.save flash['notice'] = 'Note was successfully created.' @item = Item.find(@session[:item_id]) @item.update_attribute(:note_id, @note.id) redirect_to :controller => 'items', :action => 'list' else render_action 'new' end end Changing the ‘Categories’ Screens There isn’t a great deal left to do on the system now, other than tidy up the templates created in earlier days so they have the same style of navigation buttons: app\views\categories\list.rhtml <% @heading = "Categories" %> <form action="/categories/new" method="post"> <table> <tr> <th>Category</th> Page 33 <th>Created</th> <th>Updated</th> </tr> <% for category in @categories %> <tr> <td><%=h category["category"] %></td> <td><%= category["created_on"].strftime("%I:%M %p %d-%b-%y") %></td> <td><%= category["updated_on"].strftime("%I:%M %p %d-%b-%y") %></td> <td><%= link_to_image 'edit', { :action => 'edit', :id => category.id } %></td> <td><%= link_to_image 'delete', { :action => 'destroy', :id => category.id }, :confirm => 'Are you sure you want to delete this category?' %></td> </tr> <% end %> </table> <hr /> <input type="submit" value="New Category..." /> <input type="button" value="To Dos" onClick="parent.location='<%= url_for( :controller => 'items', :action => 'list' ) %>'"> </form> app\views\categories\new.rhtml <% @heading = "Add new Category" %> <%= error_messages_for 'category' %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'create' %> <%= render_partial "form" %> <hr /> <input type="submit" value="Save" /> <input type="button" value="Cancel" onClick="parent.location='<%= url_for( :action => 'list' ) %>'"> <%= end_form_tag %> app\views\categories\edit.rhtml <% @heading = "Rename Category" %> <%= error_messages_for 'category' %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'update', :id => @category %> <%= render_partial "form" %> <hr /> <input type="submit" value="Update" /> <input type="button" value="Cancel" onClick="parent.location='<%= url_for( :action => 'list' ) %>'"> <%= end_form_tag %> Navigation through the system The final navigation paths through the application are shown below. Any redundant scaffold code – e.g. the show.rhtml files – can be simply deleted. That’s the beauty of scaffold code – it didn’t cost you any effort to code it in the first place, and once it’s served its purpose, just get rid of it. Page 34 Setting the Home Page for the Application As a final step, we need to kill the default 'Welcome to Rails' screen if the user points their browser to http://todo. There are two steps: • Add the home page definition to the Routes file: config\routes.rb (excerpt) map.connect '', :controller => 'items' • rename public\index.html public\index.html.orig Downloading a Copy of this Application If you’d like a copy of the ‘To Do’ application to play with, there’s a link on http://rails.homelinux.org. You’ll need to • use Rails to set up the directory structure (see Running the Rails script on page 3) • download the todo_app.zip file into the newly created ToDo directory • unzip the files unzip -o todo_app.zip • rename public\index.html public\index.html.orig • if you want to use the sample database, mysql -uroot -p < db/ToDo.sql and finally I hope you found this document useful – I’m always happy to receive feedback, good or bad, to jpmcc@users.sourceforge.net. Happy coding with Rails! Page 35 Illustration 9 Navigation paths through the Application List ToDos New ToDo Edit ToDo List Categories New Category Edit Category New Note Edit Note Appendix – afterthoughts After writing ‘Four Days’, I got a huge amount of feedback which greatly helped improve the quality of the document. One question did crop up repeatedly - “how do you update more than one record from the same screen” - so here’s an appendix covering this most Frequently Asked Question. It isn’t the easiest Rails concept to grasp, and it’s an area I would expect to see more “Helpers” appearing in the future. Multiple Updates In the screenshot below, the user can tick/untick multiple “To Dos” using the checkboxes in the extreme left hand column, and then press “Save” to store the results in the database. View Rails supports multiple updates with another naming convention, which is to append the id of the record you are editing to the name within square brackets []. This enables you to pick out a particular record from multiple records on the screen. Let’s work backwards from the HTML we are trying to generate. This is what it looks like for a record with id = 6: <td style="text-align: center"> <input type="checkbox" id="item_done" name="item[6][done]" value="1" checked /> <input name="item[6][done]" type="hidden" value="0" /> </td> (“checked” is omitted if the checkbox is not checked) One way to generate this code is: app\view\items\_list_stripes.rhtm (excerpt) <td style="text-align: center"> <%=check_box_tag("item["+list_stripes.id.to_s+"][done]","1",list_stripes["done"]==1) %> Page 37 Illustration 10: Multiple Updates <%=hidden_field_tag("item["+list_stripes.id.to_s+"][done]","0") %> </td> The parameters for check_box_tag are name, value = "1", checked = false, options = {}; for hidden_field_tag name, value = nil, options = {} Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper Plus of course we now need a Save button: app\views\items\list.rhtml (excerpt) <% @heading = "To Do List" %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'updater' %> <table> ... </table> <hr /> <%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= submit_tag "New To Do...", {:type => 'button', :onClick=>"parent.location='" + url_for( :controller => 'items', :action => 'new' ) + "'" } %> <%= submit_tag "Categories...", {:type => 'button', :onClick=>"parent.location='" + url_for( :controller => 'categories', :action => 'list' ) + "'" } %> <%= end_form_tag %> <%= "Page: " + pagination_links(@item_pages, :params => { :action => @params["action"] || "index" }) + "<hr />" if @item_pages.page_count>1 %> Controller What gets returned to the controller when you press the ‘Save’ button is the following hash: params: { :controller=>"items", :item=> { "6"=>{"done"=>"0"}, ... etc... "5"=>{"done"=>"1"} }, :action=>"updater" } We’re interested in the :item bit. For example, the bold line means “the record with id = 6 has the value of the done field set to 0”. From here, it’s a fairly easy job to update the Items table: app\controller\items_controller (excerpt) def updater @params[:item].each { |item_id, attr| item = Item.find(item_id) item.update_attribute(:done,attr[:done]) } redirect_to :action => 'list' end each puts “6” into the variable item_id, and “done” => “0” into attr. Ruby Documentation: class Array This code works, but if you watch what is happening in development.log, you’ll see that Rails is retrieving and updating every record, whether it’s changed or not. Not only is this creating unnecessary database updates, but it also means that updated_on also gets changed, which isn’t really what we want. Much better to only update if ‘done’ has changed, but this means some coding :-( app\controller\items_controller (excerpt) def updater @params[:item].each { |item_id, contents| item = Item.find(item_id) if item.done != contents[:done].to_i Page 38 item.update_attribute(:done,contents[:done]) end } redirect_to :action => 'list' end Note that we need to convert the string done to an integer using to_i so we can compare like with like. This is the kind of gotcha you can easily miss – it’s worth checking development.log from time to time to make sure Rails is doing what you expect. User Interface considerations This code works, and could be applied to make any field on the screen editable (another easy exercise for the reader :-). It does raise some interesting questions about what the user would expect. What if the user changes some check boxes, and then presses “New To Do...”, or re-sorts the display, without pressing “Save”? Should the system always “Save” before doing any other action? More easy exercises for the reader... Still to be done On page 24 I left list_by_category as an easy exercise for the reader. It proved to be less easy than it looked – in fact, I’m still looking for an elegant ‘Rails’ way to sort by a field in a lookup table. I ended up with this rather horrible code: app\controller\items_controller (excerpt) def list_by_category @item_pages = Paginator.new self, Item.count, 10, @params['page'] @items = Item.find_by_sql 'SELECT i.*, c.category FROM categories c, items i ' + 'WHERE ( c.id = i.category_id ) '+ 'ORDER BY c.category ' + 'LIMIT 10 ' + "OFFSET #{@item_pages.current.to_sql[1]}" render_action 'list' end If anyone has a better solution, please let me know. I leave this code as a reassuring example that if all else fails, Rails will not leave you stuck but will allow you to resort to ‘old-fashioned’ coding! Enjoy coding with Rails! Page 39 Index of Rails and Ruby Terms used in this Document A action_name......................................................................11 B before_type_cast.............................................................. 20 belongs_to.........................................................................20 C check_box......................................................................... 28 check_box_tag..................................................................38 confirm........................................................................14, 23 content_columns..............................................................14 content_for_layout.......................................................... 11 created_at.............................................................................5 created_on.....................................................................5, 13 current................................................................................15 D date_select......................................................................... 27 destroy................................................................................10 destroy_all......................................................................... 24 development.log.................................................... 3, 10, 39 E end_form_tag................................................................... 12 error_messages_for......................................................... 12 F find..................................................................................... 10 find_all............................................................................... 10 Flash................................................................................... 15 H h.......................................................................................... 14 helper..................................................................................11 hidden_field_tag...............................................................38 HTML escape...................................................................14 human_attribute_name...................................................14 human_name.................................................................... 14 I id........................................................................................... 5 L Layout................................................................................ 11 link_to................................................................................12 link_to_image................................................................... 23 lock_version........................................................................5 N new..................................................................................... 10 O options_from_collection_for_select.............................28 P paginate..............................................................................13 pagination_links............................................................... 17 Partial................................................................................. 11 previous............................................................................. 15 R redirect_to......................................................................... 10 Referential Integrity.........................................................21 render_collection_of_partials........................................ 25 render_partial............................................................. 12, 25 render_template................................................................10 rescue................................................................................. 27 S save.....................................................................................10 select...................................................................................28 session variable.................................................................33 start_form_tag..................................................................12 strftime...............................................................................16 stylesheet_link_tag...........................................................11 submit_tag.........................................................................12 T Template............................................................................11 text_field............................................................................13 U update_attribute............................................................... 38 update_attributes..............................................................10 updated_at...........................................................................5 updated_on...................................................................5, 13 url_for................................................................................ 25 V validates_associated......................................................... 20 validates_format_of.........................................................20 validates_inclusion_of.....................................................20 validates_length_of......................................................6, 20 validates_presence_of..................................................... 20 validates_uniqueness_of................................................... 6 . .each....................................................................................38 Page 41 </div></article>
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New category
<%= start_form_tag :action => 'create' %> <%= render_partial "form" %> <%= submit_tag "Create" %> <%= end_form_tag %> <%= link_to 'Back', :action => 'list' %> • start_form_tag is a Rails helper to start an HTML form – here it generates , which is not the most useful Rails helper ever written :-) but it provides a satisfying end to the block of code Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper • render_partial will invoke a Partial _form.rhtml – see the next section. Documentation: ActionView::Partials • link_to simply creates a link – the most fundamental part of HTML... Back Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper Partial Rails naming convention: a partial ‘foo’ will go in a file app\views\‘action’\_foo.rhtml (note the initial underscore). The scaffold uses the same code to process both the ‘edit’ and ‘new’ actions, so it puts the code into a partial, invoked by the render_partial method. app\views\categories\_form.rhtml <%= error_messages_for 'category' %>
<%= text_field 'category', 'category' %>
n errors prohibited this xxx from being saved
There were problems with the following fields:
- field_1 error_message_1
- ... ...
- field_n error_message_n
New category
Back Analysing the View for the ‘List’ action The ‘Edit’ and ‘Show’ views are similar to the ‘New’ view. ‘List’ contains a few new tricks. Remember how the controller ran the following piece of code before going off to render the ‘List’ template: @category_pages, @categories = paginate :category, :per_page => 10 paginate populates the @categories instance variable with sorted records from the Categories table, :per_page records at a time, and contains all the logic for next page / previous page etc. navigation. @category_pages is a Paginator instance. How these are used in the template is explained at the end of the following section. Documentation: ActionController::Pagination Page 13 The template is as follows: app\views\categories\list.rhtmlListing categories
| <%= column.human_name %> | <% end %>|||
|---|---|---|---|
| <%=h category.send(column.name) %> | <% end %><%= link_to 'Show', :action => 'show', :id => category %> | <%= link_to 'Edit', :action => 'edit', :id => category %> | <%= link_to 'Destroy', {:action => 'destroy', :id => category}, :confirm => "Are you sure?" %> |
<%= link_to 'New category', :action => 'new' %> • content_columns returns an array of column objects excluding any ‘special’ columns (the primary id, all columns ending in ‘_id’ or ‘_count’, and columns used for single table inheritance) Documentation: ActionController::Base • human_name is a synonym for human_attribute_name, which transforms attribute key names into a more human format, such as ‘First name’ instead of ‘first_name’ Documentation: ActiveRecord::Base • h automatically ‘escapes’ HTML code. One of the problems with allowing users to input data which is then displayed on the screen is that they could accidentally (or maliciously) type in code which could break the system when it was displayed4. To guard against this, it is good practice to ‘HTML escape’ any data which has been provided by users. This means that e.g. is rendered as </table> which is harmless. Rails makes this really simple – just add an ‘h’ as shown • confirm is a useful optional parameter for the link_to helper – it generates a Javascript pop-up box which forces the user to confirm the Destroy before actioning the link: 4 For example, think what would happen if a user typed in “” as a Category. Page 14 Illustration 3: Javascript pop-up Documentation: ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper The paging logic takes a bit of unravelling.. Ruby can use if as a modifier: expression if boolean- expression evaluates expression only if boolean-expression is true. @category_pages.current returns a Page object representing the paginator’s current page ActionController::Pagination::Paginator and @category_pages.current.previous returns a new Page object representing the page just before this page, or nil if this is the first page ActionController::Pagination::Paginator::Page So, if there is a previous page to navigate to, then this construct will display a link; if there isn’t, the link is suppressed. The rendered code for page n will look like: Previous page Next page Tailoring the Generated Scaffold Code The code generated by the Scaffold script is perfectly usable ‘out of the box’, and is robust once you have added enough validation into your data model. However, if that’s all there was to developing Rails applications, then programmers would be out of a job, which would clearly not be a good thing :-) So let’s do some tailoring: The Controller In a ‘List’ view, I would expect the records to be displayed in alphabetical order. This requires a minor change to the controller: app\controllers\categories_controller.rb (excerpt) def list @category_pages, @categories = paginate :category, :per_page => 10, :order_by => 'category' end Documentation: ActionController::Pagination In this application, the show screen is unnecessary – all the fields fit comfortably on a single row on the screen. So, def show can disappear, and let’s go straight back to the list screen after an ‘Edit’: app\controllers\categories_controller.rb (excerpt) def update @category = Category.find(@params[:id]) if @category.update_attributes(@params[:category]) flash['notice'] = 'Category was successfully updated.' redirect_to :action => 'list' else render_action 'edit' end end The flash message will be picked up and displayed on the next screen to be displayed – in this case, the list screen. By default, the scaffold script doesn’t display flash messages - we’ll change this in a minute – see below. The View Displaying Flash Messages Rails provides a technique for passing ‘flash’ messages back to the user – e.g. an ‘Update Successful’ message which displays on the next screen and then disappears. These can be picked up easily with a small change to the Layout (adding it to the Layout means it will appear on any screen): Page 15 app\views\layouts\categories.rhtml
<%=@heading %>
<% if @flash["notice"] %> <%=h @flash["notice"] %> <% end %> <%= @content_for_layout %> Documentation: ActionController::Flash A simple addition to the stylesheet makes the flash message more conspicuous: public\stylesheets\scaffold.css (excerpt) .notice { color: red; } Sharing Variables between the Template and Layout Note that I’ve moved the...
heading text out of the Template into the Layout so that it appears above the flash message. As each template will have a different heading, I need to set the value of the variable @heading in the Template. Rails is quite ok with this – Template variables are available to Layouts at rendering time. I’ve made this change and some formatting changes to come up with my finished template: app\views\categories\list.rhtml <% @heading = "Categories" %>| Category | Created | Updated | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <%=h category["category"] %> | <%= category["created_on"].strftime("%I:%M %p %d-%b-%y") %> | <%= category["updated_on"].strftime("%I:%M %p %d-%b-%y") %> | <%= link_to 'Edit', :action => 'edit', :id => category %> | <%= link_to 'Delete', {:action => 'destroy', :id => category}, :confirm => "Are you sure you want to delete this category?" %> |
<%= link_to 'New category', :action => 'new' %> <% if @category_pages.page_count>1 %>
Page: <%=pagination_links @category_pages %>
<% end %> • I don’t like the default date format, so I use a Ruby method strftime() to format the date and time fields the way I want them. Ruby Documentation: class Time Page 16 • pagination_links creates a basic HTML link bar for the given paginator ActionView::Helpers::PaginationHelper Tidying up the Edit and New Screens A few changes to the Partial used by ‘New’ and ‘Edit’: use a table to improve the layout; get rid of the unwanted created_on/updated_on labels; and prevent the user typing too much into the Category field: app\views\categories\_form.rhtml <%= error_messages_for 'category' %>
| <%= text_field "category", "category", "size"=>20, "maxlength"=>20 %> |
<%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= end_form_tag %> <%= link_to 'Back', :action => 'list' %> app\views\categories\New.rhtml <% @heading = "New Category" %> <%= start_form_tag :action => 'create' %> <%= render_partial "form" %>
<%= submit_tag "Save" %> <%= end_form_tag %> <%= link_to 'Back', :action => 'list' %> That takes us to the end of Day 2. We have a working system for maintaining our Categories table, and have started to take control of the scaffold code which Rails has generated. Page 17 Day 3 on Rails Now it’s time to start on the heart of the application. The Items table contains the list of ‘To Dos’. Every Item may belong to one of the Categories we created on Day 2. An Item optionally may have one Note, held in a separate table, which we will look at tomorrow. Each table has a primary key ‘id’, which is also used to record links between the tables. The ‘Items’ Table MySQL table defintion The fields in the Items table are as follows: • done - 1 means the To Do item has been completed5 • priority – 1 (high priority) to 5 (low priority) • description – free text stating what is to be done • due_date – stating when it is to be done by • category_id – a link to the Category this item comes under (‘id’ in the Categories table) • note_id – a link to an optional Note explaining this item (‘id’ in the Notes table) • private – 1 means the To Do item is classed as ‘Private’ Items table CREATE TABLE items ( id smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment, done tinyint(1) unsigned NOT NULL default '0', priority tinyint(1) unsigned NOT NULL default '3', description varchar(40) NOT NULL default '', due_date date default NULL, category_id smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL default '0', note_id smallint(5) unsigned default NULL, private tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL default '0', created_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, updated_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ) TYPE=MyISAM COMMENT='List of items to be done'; The Model As before, Rails can generate an empty model file: W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate model item exists app/models/ exists test/unit/ exists test/fixtures/ create app/models/item.rb create test/unit/item_test.rb create test/fixtures/items.yml W:\ToDo> 5 MySQL doesn’t have a ‘boolean’ type, so we have to use 0/1 Page 19 Illustration 4: Simplified Data Model Categories id Notes id Items id category_id note_id which we can populate: app\models\item.rb class Item < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :category validates_associated :category validates_format_of :done_before_type_cast, :with => /[01]/, :message=>"must be 0 or 1" validates_inclusion_of :priority, :in=>1..5, :message=>"must be between 1 (high) and 5 (low)" validates_presence_of :description validates_length_of :description, :maximum=>40 validates_format_of :private_before_type_cast, :with => /[01]/, :message=>"must be 0 or 1" end Validating Links between Tables • the use of belongs_to and validates_associated links the Items table with the item_id field in the Category table. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods Validating User Input • validates_presence_of protects ‘NOT NULL’ fields against missing user input • validates_format_of uses regular expressions to check the format of user input • when a user types input for a numeric field, Rails will always convert it to a number – if all else fails, a zero. If you want to check that the user has actually typed in a number, then you need to validate the input _before_type_cast, which lets you access the ‘raw’ input6. • validates_inclusion_of checks user input against a range of permitted values • validates_length_of prevents the user entering data which would be truncated when stored7. Documentation: ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods The ‘Notes’ table This table contains a single free text field to hold further information for a particular To Do Item. This data could of course have been held in a field on the Items table; however, if you do it this way you’ll learn a lot more about Rails :-) MySQL table defintion Notes table CREATE TABLE notes ( id smallint(6) NOT NULL auto_increment, more_notes text NOT NULL, created_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, updated_on timestamp(14) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ) TYPE=MyISAM COMMENT='Additional optional information for to-dos'; The Model Generate the empty model file, but it contains nothing new: app\models\note.rb class Note < ActiveRecord::Base validates_presence_of :more_notes end 6 What might seem a more obvious alternative: validates_inclusion_of :done_before_type_cast, :in=>"0".."1", :message=>"must be between 0 and 1" – fails if the input field is left blank 7 You could combine the two rules for the Description field into one: validates_length_of :description, :within => 1..40 Page 20 but we need to remember to add this link into the Items model: app\models\item.rb (excerpt) class Item < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :note Using a Model to maintain Referential Integrity The code we are about to develop will allow a user to add one Note to any Item. But what happens when a user deletes an Item which has an associated Note? Clearly, we need to find a way of deleting the Note record too, otherwise we get left with ‘orphaned’ Notes records. In the Model / View / Controller way of doing things, this code belongs in the Model. Why? well, you’ll see later that we can delete Item records by clicking on a Dustbin icon on the ‘To Do’ screen, but we can also delete them by clicking on Purge completed items. By putting the code into the Model, it will be run regardless of where the delete action comes from. app\models\item.rb (excerpt) def before_destroy unless note_id.nil? Note.find(note_id).destroy end end This reads: before you delete an Item record, find the record in Notes whose id equals the value of Note_id in the Item record you are about to delete, and delete it first. Unless there isn’t one :-) Similarly, if a record is deleted from the Notes table, then any reference to it in the Items table needs to be erased: app\models\note.rb (excerpt) def before_destroy Item.find_by_note_id(id).update_attribute('note_id',NIL) end end Documentation: ActiveRecord::Callbacks More Scaffolding Let’s generate some more scaffold code. We’ll do this for both the Items table and the Notes table. We aren’t ready to work on Notes as yet, but having the scaffold in place means we can refer to Notes in today’s coding without generating lots of errors. Just like building a house – scaffolding allows you to build one wall at a time without everything crashing around your ears. W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate scaffold Item [snip] W:\ToDo>ruby script/generate scaffold Note [snip] W:\ToDo> Note: as we tailored the stylesheet yesterday, reply “n” to the “overwrite public/stylesheets/scaffold.css? [Ynaq]” prompt. More on Views Creating a Layout for the Application By now, it is becoming obvious that all my templates will have the same first few lines of code, so it makes sense to move this common code into an application-wide layout. Delete all the app\views\layouts\*.rhtml files, Page 21 and replace with a common application.rhtml. app\views\layouts\application.rhtml