要想明白spark application调度机制，需要回答一下几个问题：

1.谁来调度？

2.为谁调度？

3.调度什么？

3.何时调度？

4.调度算法

前四个问题可以用如下一句话里来回答:每当 集群资源发生变化 时， active master 进程 为 所有已注册的并且没有调度完毕的application 调度 Worker节点上的Executor 进程。

"active master" , spark集群可能有多个master，但是只有一个active master 参与调度，standby master不参与调度。

集群资源发生变化是什么意思呢？这里的集群资源指的主要是cores的变化，注册/移除Executor进程使得集群的freeCores变多/变少，添加/移除Worker节点使得集群的freeCores变多/变少... ...，所有导致集群资源发生变化的操作，都会调用schedule()重新为application和driver进行资源调度。

spark提供了两种资源调度算法:spreadOut和非spreadOut。spreadOut算法会尽可能的将一个application 所需要的Executor进程分布在多个worker几点上，从而提高并行度，非spreadOut与之相反，他会把一个worker节点的freeCores都耗尽了才会去下一个worker节点分配。

为了详细说明这两种算法，我们先来以一个具体的例子来介绍，最后再介绍源码。

基本概念

每一个application至少包含以下基本属性:

coresPerExecutor：每一个Executor进程的core个数

memoryPerExecutor：每一个Executor进程的memory大小

maxCores: 这个application最多需要的core个数。

每一个worker至少包含以下基本属性：

freeCores:worker 节点当前可用的core个数

memoryFree:worker节点当前可用的memory大小。

假设一个待注册的application如下：

coresPerExecutor：2

memoryPerExecutor：512M

maxCores: 12

这表示这个application 最多需要12个core，每一个Executor进行都要2个core，512M内存。

假设某一时刻spark集群有如下几个worker节点,他们按照coresFree降序排列:

Worker1:coresFree=10  memoryFree=10G

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G

Worker4:coresFree=2   memoryFree=215M

Worker5:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1G

其中worker5不满足application的要求：worker5.coresFree < application.coresPerExecutor

worker4也不满足application的要求:worker4.memoryFree < application.memoryPerExecutor

因此最终满足调度要求的worker节点只有前三个，我们将这三个节点记作usableWorkers。

spreadOut算法

先介绍spreadOut算法吧。上面已经说了，满足条件的worker只有前三个:

Worker1:coresFree=10  memoryFree=10G

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G

第一次调度之后，worker列表如下:

Worker1:coresFree=8  memoryFree=9.5G  assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:1,totalCores=2

可以发现，worker1的coresFree和memoryFree都变小了而worker2，worker3并没有发生改变，这是因为我们在worker1上面分配了一个Executor进程(这个Executor进程占用两个2core，512M memory)而没有在workre2和worker3上分配。

接下来，开始去worker2上分配:

Worker1:coresFree=8  memoryFree=9.5G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker2:coresFree=5   memoryFree=512M    assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G        assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:2,totalCores=4

此时已经分配了2个Executor进程，4个core。

接下来去worker3上分配:

Worker1:coresFree=8  memoryFree=9.5G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker2:coresFree=5   memoryFree=512M    assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:3,totalCores=6

接下来再去worker1分配，然后worker2...  ...以round-robin方式分配，由于worker3.coresFree<application.coresPerExecutor,不会在他上面分配资源了：

Worker1:coresFree=6  memoryFree=9.0G      assignedExecutors=2  assignedCores=4

Worker2:coresFree=5   memoryFree=512M    assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:4,totalCores=8

Worker1:coresFree=6  memoryFree=9.0G      assignedExecutors=2  assignedCores=4

Worker2:coresFree=3   memoryFree=0M       assignedExecutors=2  assignedCores=4

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:5,totalCores=10

此时worker2也不满足要求了：worker2.memoryFree<application.memoryPerExecutor

因此，下一次分配就去worker1上了：

Worker1:coresFree=4  memoryFree=8.5G      assignedExecutors=3  assignedCores=6

Worker2:coresFree=3   memoryFree=0M        assignedExecutors=2  assignedCores=4

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:6,totalCores=12

ok，由于已经分配了12个core，达到了application的要求，所以不在为这个application调度了。

非spreadOUt算法

那么非spraadOut算法呢？他是逮到一个worker如果不把他的资源耗尽了是不会放手的：

Worker1:coresFree=8  memoryFree=9.5G  assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:1,totalCores=2

Worker1:coresFree=6  memoryFree=9.0G  assignedExecutors=2  assignedCores=4

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:2,totalCores=4

Worker1:coresFree=4  memoryFree=8.5    assignedExecutors=3  assignedCores=6

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:3,totalCores=6

Worker1:coresFree=2  memoryFree=8.0G  assignedExecutors=4  assignedCores=8

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:4,totalCores=8

Worker1:coresFree=0  memoryFree=7.5G  assignedExecutors=5  assignedCores=10

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:5,totalCores=10

可以发现，worker1的coresfree已经耗尽了，好可怜。由于application需要12个core，而这里才分配了10个，所以还要继续往下分配：

Worker1:coresFree=0  memoryFree=7.5G      assignedExecutors=5  assignedCores=10

Worker2:coresFree=5   memoryFree=512G    assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G        assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:6,totalCores=12

ok，最终分配来12个core，满足了application的要求。

对比：

spreadOut算法中，是以round-robin方式，轮询的在worker节点上分配Executor进程，即以如下序列分配:worker1,worker2... ... worker n,worker1... ....

非spreadOut算法中，逮者一个worker就不放手，直到满足一下条件之一：

worker.freeCores<application.coresPerExecutor 或者  worker.memoryFree<application.memoryPerExecutor 。

在上面两个例子中，虽然最终都分配了6个Executor进程和12个core，但是spreadOut方式下，6个Executor进程分散在不同的worker节点上，充分利用了spark集群的worker节点，而非spreadOut方式下，只在worker1和worker2上分配了Executor进程，并没有充分利用spark worker节点。

小插曲，spreadOut + oneExecutorPerWorker 算法

spark还有一个叫做”oneExecutorPerWorker“机制，即一个worker上启动一个Executor进程，下面只是简单的说一下得了：

Worker1:coresFree=8  memoryFree=9.5G  assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker2:coresFree=7   memoryFree=1G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G    assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:1,totalCores=2

Worker1:coresFree=8  memoryFree=9.5G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker2:coresFree=5   memoryFree=512M    assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker3:coresFree=3   memoryFree=2G        assignedExecutors=0  assignedCores=0

totalExecutors:2,totalCores=4

Worker1:coresFree=8  memoryFree=9.5G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker2:coresFree=5   memoryFree=512M    assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:3,totalCores=6

Worker1:coresFree=6  memoryFree=9.0G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=4

Worker2:coresFree=3   memoryFree=512M     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:3,totalCores=8

Worker1:coresFree=6  memoryFree=9.0G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=4

Worker2:coresFree=2   memoryFree=0   M     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=4

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:3,totalCores=10

Worker1:coresFree=4  memoryFree=9.5G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=6

Worker2:coresFree=2   memoryFree=0   M     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=4

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:3,totalCores=12

和spreadOut+非oneExecutorPerWorker对比发现，唯一的不同就是Executor进程的数量，一个是6，一个是3。

(

这里在额外扩展一下，假设application的maxCores=14，而不是12，那么接着上面那个worker列表来：

Worker1:coresFree=4  memoryFree=9.5G      assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=6

Worker2:coresFree=0   memoryFree=0   M     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=6

Worker3:coresFree=1   memoryFree=1.5G     assignedExecutors=1  assignedCores=2

totalExecutors:3,totalCores=12

虽然worker2.memoryFree=0，但是仍然可以继续在他上面分配core，因为onExecutorPerWorker机制不检查内存的限制。

)

接下来看看源码是怎么实现的：

了解了上面写的，在阅读源码就很轻易了，这里简单说一下。

org.apache.spark.deploy.master.Master收到application发送的RegisterApplication(description, driver)消息后，开始执行注册逻辑:

    case RegisterApplication(description, driver) => {        // TODO Prevent repeated registrations from some driver        //standby master不调度          if (state == RecoveryState.STANDBY) {          // ignore, don't send response        } else {          logInfo("Registering app " + description.name)          val app = createApplication(description, driver)          //注册app，即将其加入到waitingApps中          registerApplication(app)          logInfo("Registered app " + description.name + " with ID " + app.id)          //将app加入持久化引擎，主要是为了故障恢复          persistenceEngine.addApplication(app)          //向driver发送RegisteredApplication消息表明master已经注册了这个app          driver.send(RegisteredApplication(app.id, self))          //为waitingApps中的app调度资源          schedule()        }      }

上面的注释已经写的很清楚了... ...

  /**     * Schedule the currently available resources among waiting apps. This method will be called     * every time a new app joins or resource availability changes.     */    private def schedule(): Unit = {      if (state != RecoveryState.ALIVE) { return }      // Drivers take strict precedence over executors      //为了避免每次schedule，总是在相同的worker上分配资源，所有这里打乱worker顺序。        val shuffledWorkers = Random.shuffle(workers) // Randomization helps balance drivers      //下面这个for循环是为driver调度资源，因为这里只将application的调度，所以driver的调度不说了。        for (worker <- shuffledWorkers if worker.state == WorkerState.ALIVE) {        for (driver <- waitingDrivers) {          if (worker.memoryFree >= driver.desc.mem && worker.coresFree >= driver.desc.cores) {            launchDriver(worker, driver)            waitingDrivers -= driver          }        }      }        //为application调度资源      startExecutorsOnWorkers()    }

  /**     * Schedule and launch executors on workers     */    private def startExecutorsOnWorkers(): Unit = {      // Right now this is a very simple FIFO scheduler. We keep trying to fit in the first app      // in the queue, then the second app, etc.      // 为waitingApps中的app调度资源，app.coresLeft是app还有多少core没有分配        for (app <- waitingApps if app.coresLeft > 0) {        val coresPerExecutor: Option[Int] = app.desc.coresPerExecutor        // Filter out workers that don't have enough resources to launch an executor        // 筛选出状态为ALIVE并且这个worker剩余内存，剩余core都大于等于app的要求，然后按照coresFree降序排列          val usableWorkers = workers.toArray.filter(_.state == WorkerState.ALIVE)          .filter(worker => worker.memoryFree >= app.desc.memoryPerExecutorMB &&            worker.coresFree >= coresPerExecutor.getOrElse(1))          .sortBy(_.coresFree).reverse        //在usableWorkers上为app分配Executor        val assignedCores = scheduleExecutorsOnWorkers(app, usableWorkers, spreadOutApps)          // Now that we've decided how many cores to allocate on each worker, let's allocate them        // 在worker上启动Executor进程          for (pos <- 0 until usableWorkers.length if assignedCores(pos) > 0) {          allocateWorkerResourceToExecutors(            app, assignedCores(pos), coresPerExecutor, usableWorkers(pos))        }      }    }

这个方法做了如下事情：

1.筛选出可用的worker，即usableWorkers，如果一个worker满足以下所有条件，那么这个worker就被添加到usableWorkers中：

Alive

worker.memoryFree >= app.desc.memoryPerExecutorMB

worker.coresFree >= coresPerExecutor

2.assignedCores是一个数组，assignedCores[i]里面存储了需要在usableWorkers[i]上分配的core个数，譬如如果assingedCores[1]=2，那么就需要在usableWorkers[1]上分配2个core。

  /**     * Schedule executors to be launched on the workers.     * Returns an array containing number of cores assigned to each worker.     *     * There are two modes of launching executors. The first attempts to spread out an application's     * executors on as many workers as possible, while the second does the opposite (i.e. launch them     * on as few workers as possible). The former is usually better for data locality purposes and is     * the default.     *     * The number of cores assigned to each executor is configurable. When this is explicitly set,     * multiple executors from the same application may be launched on the same worker if the worker     * has enough cores and memory. Otherwise, each executor grabs all the cores available on the     * worker by default, in which case only one executor may be launched on each worker.     *     * It is important to allocate coresPerExecutor on each worker at a time (instead of 1 core     * at a time). Consider the following example: cluster has 4 workers with 16 cores each.     * User requests 3 executors (spark.cores.max = 48, spark.executor.cores = 16). If 1 core is     * allocated at a time, 12 cores from each worker would be assigned to each executor.     * Since 12 < 16, no executors would launch [SPARK-8881].     */    private def scheduleExecutorsOnWorkers(        app: ApplicationInfo,        usableWorkers: Array[WorkerInfo],        spreadOutApps: Boolean): Array[Int] = {      val coresPerExecutor = app.desc.coresPerExecutor      val minCoresPerExecutor = coresPerExecutor.getOrElse(1)      val oneExecutorPerWorker = coresPerExecutor.isEmpty      val memoryPerExecutor = app.desc.memoryPerExecutorMB      val numUsable = usableWorkers.length      val assignedCores = new Array[Int](numUsable) // Number of cores to give to each worker      val assignedExecutors = new Array[Int](numUsable) // Number of new executors on each worker      var coresToAssign = math.min(app.coresLeft, usableWorkers.map(_.coresFree).sum)        /** Return whether the specified worker can launch an executor for this app. */      //是否可以在一个worker上分配Executor      def canLaunchExecutor(pos: Int): Boolean = {        val keepScheduling = coresToAssign >= minCoresPerExecutor        val enoughCores = usableWorkers(pos).coresFree - assignedCores(pos) >= minCoresPerExecutor          // If we allow multiple executors per worker, then we can always launch new executors.        // Otherwise, if there is already an executor on this worker, just give it more cores.        val launchingNewExecutor = !oneExecutorPerWorker || assignedExecutors(pos) == 0        if (launchingNewExecutor) {          //在不里，需要检查worker的空闲core和内存是否够用          val assignedMemory = assignedExecutors(pos) * memoryPerExecutor          val enoughMemory = usableWorkers(pos).memoryFree - assignedMemory >= memoryPerExecutor          val underLimit = assignedExecutors.sum + app.executors.size < app.executorLimit          keepScheduling && enoughCores && enoughMemory && underLimit        } else {          // We're adding cores to an existing executor, so no need          // to check memory and executor limits          //尤其需要注意的是，oneExecutorPerWorker机制下，不检测内存限制，很重要。          keepScheduling && enoughCores        }      }        // Keep launching executors until no more workers can accommodate any      // more executors, or if we have reached this application's limits      var freeWorkers = (0 until numUsable).filter(canLaunchExecutor)      while (freeWorkers.nonEmpty) {        freeWorkers.foreach { pos =>          var keepScheduling = true          while (keepScheduling && canLaunchExecutor(pos)) {            //要分配的cores            coresToAssign -= minCoresPerExecutor            //已分配的cores            assignedCores(pos) += minCoresPerExecutor              // If we are launching one executor per worker, then every iteration assigns 1 core            // to the executor. Otherwise, every iteration assigns cores to a new executor.            //一个worker只启动一个Executor            if (oneExecutorPerWorker) {              assignedExecutors(pos) = 1            } else {              assignedExecutors(pos) += 1            }              // Spreading out an application means spreading out its executors across as            // many workers as possible. If we are not spreading out, then we should keep            // scheduling executors on this worker until we use all of its resources.            // Otherwise, just move on to the next worker.            //如果没有开启spreadOUt算法，就一直在一个worker上分配，直到不能再分配为止。              if (spreadOutApps) {              keepScheduling = false            }          }        }        freeWorkers = freeWorkers.filter(canLaunchExecutor)      }      assignedCores    }

  /**     * Allocate a worker's resources to one or more executors.     * @param app the info of the application which the executors belong to     * @param assignedCores number of cores on this worker for this application     * @param coresPerExecutor number of cores per executor     * @param worker the worker info     */    private def allocateWorkerResourceToExecutors(        app: ApplicationInfo,        assignedCores: Int,        coresPerExecutor: Option[Int],        worker: WorkerInfo): Unit = {      // If the number of cores per executor is specified, we divide the cores assigned      // to this worker evenly among the executors with no remainder.      // Otherwise, we launch a single executor that grabs all the assignedCores on this worker.      //计算要创建多少个Executor进程，默认值是1.        val numExecutors = coresPerExecutor.map { assignedCores / _ }.getOrElse(1)      val coresToAssign = coresPerExecutor.getOrElse(assignedCores)      for (i <- 1 to numExecutors) {        val exec = app.addExecutor(worker, coresToAssign)        //真正的启动Executor进程了。        launchExecutor(worker, exec)        app.state = ApplicationState.RUNNING      }    }

由于本人接触spark时间不长，如有错误或者任何意见可以在留言或者发送邮件到franciswbs@163.com，让我们一起交流。

作者：FrancisWang

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