奇怪的需求

公司需要将服务器的网页缓存到路由器，用户在访问该网页时就直接取路由器上的缓存即可。虽然我不知道这个需求有什么意义，但还是尽力去实现吧。

wget概述

wget是unix和类unix下的一个网页抓取工具，待我熟悉它后，发现它的功能远不止这些。但是这篇博文只说怎么抓取一个指定URL以及它下面的相关内容（包括html,js,css,图片）并将内容里的绝对路径换成相对路径。网上搜到一堆有关wget的文章，关于它怎么抓取网页和相关的图片资源，反正我是没有找到一篇实用的，都以失败告终。

这是wget -h > ./help_wget.txt 后的文件内容

GNU Wget 1.16, a non-interactive network retriever.    Usage: wget [OPTION]... [URL]...    Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.        Startup:      -V,  --version                   display the version of Wget and exit.      -h,  --help                      print this help.      -b,  --background                go to background after startup.      -e,  --execute=COMMAND           execute a `.wgetrc'-style command.        Logging and input file:      -o,  --output-file=FILE          log messages to FILE.      -a,  --append-output=FILE        append messages to FILE.      -q,  --quiet                     quiet (no output).      -v,  --verbose                   be verbose (this is the default).      -nv, --no-verbose                turn off verboseness, without being quiet.           --report-speed=TYPE         Output bandwidth as TYPE.  TYPE can be bits.      -i,  --input-file=FILE           download URLs found in local or external FILE.      -F,  --force-html                treat input file as HTML.      -B,  --base=URL                  resolves HTML input-file links (-i -F)                                       relative to URL.           --config=FILE               Specify config file to use.           --no-config                 Do not read any config file.    Download:      -t,  --tries=NUMBER              set number of retries to NUMBER (0 unlimits).           --retry-connrefused         retry even if connection is refused.      -O,  --output-document=FILE      write documents to FILE.      -nc, --no-clobber                skip downloads that would download to                                       existing files (overwriting them).      -c,  --continue                  resume getting a partially-downloaded file.           --start-pos=OFFSET          start downloading from zero-based position OFFSET.           --progress=TYPE             select progress gauge type.           --show-progress             display the progress bar in any verbosity mode.      -N,  --timestamping              don't re-retrieve files unless newer than                                       local.      --no-use-server-timestamps       don't set the local file's timestamp by                                       the one on the server.      -S,  --server-response           print server response.           --spider                    don't download anything.      -T,  --timeout=SECONDS           set all timeout values to SECONDS.           --dns-timeout=SECS          set the DNS lookup timeout to SECS.           --connect-timeout=SECS      set the connect timeout to SECS.           --read-timeout=SECS         set the read timeout to SECS.      -w,  --wait=SECONDS              wait SECONDS between retrievals.           --waitretry=SECONDS         wait 1..SECONDS between retries of a retrieval.           --random-wait               wait from 0.5*WAIT...1.5*WAIT secs between retrievals.           --no-proxy                  explicitly turn off proxy.      -Q,  --quota=NUMBER              set retrieval quota to NUMBER.           --bind-address=ADDRESS      bind to ADDRESS (hostname or IP) on local host.           --limit-rate=RATE           limit download rate to RATE.           --no-dns-cache              disable caching DNS lookups.           --restrict-file-names=OS    restrict chars in file names to ones OS allows.           --ignore-case               ignore case when matching files/directories.      -4,  --inet4-only                connect only to IPv4 addresses.      -6,  --inet6-only                connect only to IPv6 addresses.           --prefer-family=FAMILY      connect first to addresses of specified family,                                       one of IPv6, IPv4, or none.           --user=USER                 set both ftp and http user to USER.           --password=PASS             set both ftp and http password to PASS.           --ask-password              prompt for passwords.           --no-iri                    turn off IRI support.           --local-encoding=ENC        use ENC as the local encoding for IRIs.           --remote-encoding=ENC       use ENC as the default remote encoding.           --unlink                    remove file before clobber.        Directories:      -nd, --no-directories            don't create directories.      -x,  --force-directories         force creation of directories.      -nH, --no-host-directories       don't create host directories.           --protocol-directories      use protocol name in directories.      -P,  --directory-prefix=PREFIX   save files to PREFIX/...           --cut-dirs=NUMBER           ignore NUMBER remote directory components.        HTTP options:           --http-user=USER            set http user to USER.           --http-password=PASS        set http password to PASS.           --no-cache                  disallow server-cached data.           --default-page=NAME         Change the default page name (normally                                       this is `index.html'.).      -E,  --adjust-extension          save HTML/CSS documents with proper extensions.           --ignore-length             ignore `Content-Length' header field.           --header=STRING             insert STRING among the headers.           --max-redirect              maximum redirections allowed per page.           --proxy-user=USER           set USER as proxy username.           --proxy-password=PASS       set PASS as proxy password.           --referer=URL               include `Referer: URL' header in HTTP request.           --save-headers              save the HTTP headers to file.      -U,  --user-agent=AGENT          identify as AGENT instead of Wget/VERSION.           --no-http-keep-alive        disable HTTP keep-alive (persistent connections).           --no-cookies                don't use cookies.           --load-cookies=FILE         load cookies from FILE before session.           --save-cookies=FILE         save cookies to FILE after session.           --keep-session-cookies      load and save session (non-permanent) cookies.           --post-data=STRING          use the POST method; send STRING as the data.           --post-file=FILE            use the POST method; send contents of FILE.           --method=HTTPMethod         use method "HTTPMethod" in the request.           --body-data=STRING          Send STRING as data. --method MUST be set.           --body-file=FILE            Send contents of FILE. --method MUST be set.           --content-disposition       honor the Content-Disposition header when                                       choosing local file names (EXPERIMENTAL).           --content-on-error          output the received content on server errors.           --auth-no-challenge         send Basic HTTP authentication information                                       without first waiting for the server's                                       challenge.        HTTPS (SSL/TLS) options:           --secure-protocol=PR        choose secure protocol, one of auto, SSLv2,                                       SSLv3, TLSv1 and PFS.           --https-only                only follow secure HTTPS links           --no-check-certificate      don't validate the server's certificate.           --certificate=FILE          client certificate file.           --certificate-type=TYPE     client certificate type, PEM or DER.           --private-key=FILE          private key file.           --private-key-type=TYPE     private key type, PEM or DER.           --ca-certificate=FILE       file with the bundle of CA's.           --ca-directory=DIR          directory where hash list of CA's is stored.           --random-file=FILE          file with random data for seeding the SSL PRNG.           --egd-file=FILE             file naming the EGD socket with random data.        FTP options:           --ftp-user=USER             set ftp user to USER.           --ftp-password=PASS         set ftp password to PASS.           --no-remove-listing         don't remove `.listing' files.           --no-glob                   turn off FTP file name globbing.           --no-passive-ftp            disable the "passive" transfer mode.           --preserve-permissions      preserve remote file permissions.           --retr-symlinks             when recursing, get linked-to files (not dir).        WARC options:           --warc-file=FILENAME        save request/response data to a .warc.gz file.           --warc-header=STRING        insert STRING into the warcinfo record.           --warc-max-size=NUMBER      set maximum size of WARC files to NUMBER.           --warc-cdx                  write CDX index files.           --warc-dedup=FILENAME       do not store records listed in this CDX file.           --no-warc-compression       do not compress WARC files with GZIP.           --no-warc-digests           do not calculate SHA1 digests.           --no-warc-keep-log          do not store the log file in a WARC record.           --warc-tempdir=DIRECTORY    location for temporary files created by the                                       WARC writer.        Recursive download:      -r,  --recursive                 specify recursive download.      -l,  --level=NUMBER              maximum recursion depth (inf or 0 for infinite).           --delete-after              delete files locally after downloading them.      -k,  --convert-links             make links in downloaded HTML or CSS point to                                       local files.           --backups=N                 before writing file X, rotate up to N backup files.      -K,  --backup-converted          before converting file X, back up as X.orig.      -m,  --mirror                    shortcut for -N -r -l inf --no-remove-listing.      -p,  --page-requisites           get all images, etc. needed to display HTML page.           --strict-comments           turn on strict (SGML) handling of HTML comments.        Recursive accept/reject:      -A,  --accept=LIST               comma-separated list of accepted extensions.      -R,  --reject=LIST               comma-separated list of rejected extensions.           --accept-regex=REGEX        regex matching accepted URLs.           --reject-regex=REGEX        regex matching rejected URLs.           --regex-type=TYPE           regex type (posix).      -D,  --domains=LIST              comma-separated list of accepted domains.           --exclude-domains=LIST      comma-separated list of rejected domains.           --follow-ftp                follow FTP links from HTML documents.           --follow-tags=LIST          comma-separated list of followed HTML tags.           --ignore-tags=LIST          comma-separated list of ignored HTML tags.      -H,  --span-hosts                go to foreign hosts when recursive.      -L,  --relative                  follow relative links only.      -I,  --include-directories=LIST  list of allowed directories.           --trust-server-names  use the name specified by the redirection                                       url last component.      -X,  --exclude-directories=LIST  list of excluded directories.      -np, --no-parent   don't ascend to the parent directory.      Mail bug reports and suggestions to <bug-wget@gnu.org>.

wget尝试

根据wget的帮助文档，我尝试了下面这条命令

wget -r -np -pk -nH -P ./download http://www.baidu.com

解释一下这些参数

-r  递归下载所有内容

-np 只下载给定URL下的内容，不下载它的上级内容

-p 下载有关页面需要用到的所有资源，包括图片和css样式

-k 将绝对路径转换为相对路径（这个很重要，为了在用户打开网页的时候，加载的相关资源都在本地寻找）

-nH 禁止wget以接收的URL为名称创建文件夹（如果没有这个，这条命令会将下载的内容存在./download/www.baidu.com/下）

-P 下载到哪个路径，这里是当前文件夹下的download文件夹下，没有的话，wget会帮你自动创建

这些选项都符合目前的这个需求，单结果很意外，并不是我们想象的那么简单，wget并没有给我们想要的东西

你如果执行了这条命令，会发现在当前的download文件夹中只是下载了一个index.html和一个robots.txt，而index.html文件所需要的图片也并没有被下载

<img>标签中的路径也没有被替换成相对路径，可能只是去掉了"http:"这个字符串而已。

至于为什么会这样，请继续往下看。

wget正解

因为上面的命令行不通，所以，脑洞全开。来吧，让我们写一个shell脚本，名称为wget_cc内容如下

#!/bin/sh    URL="$2"  PATH="$1"    echo "download url: $URL"  echo "download dir: $PATH"    /usr/bin/wget -e robots=off -w 1 -xq -np -nH -pk -m  -t 1 -P "$PATH" "$URL"    echo "success to download"

需要注意的是，我的wget是在/usr/bin目录下（这里必须写全路径），你可以使用which wget这个命令确定你的wget路径所在，然后替换到脚本中就行了。

这里多加了几个参数，解释一下：

-e 用法是‘-e command’

    用来执行额外的.wgetrc命令。就像vim的配置存在.vimrc文件中一样，wget也用.wgetrc文件来存放它的配置。也就是说在wget执行之前，会先执行.wgetrc文件中的配置命令。一个典型的.wgetrc文件可以参考：

    http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Sample-Wgetrc.html 

    http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Wgetrc-Commands.html

    用户可以在不改写.wgetrc文件的情况下，用-e选项指定额外的配置命令。如果想要制定多个配置命令，-e command1 -e command2 ... -e commandN即可。这些制定的配置命令，会在.wgetrc中所有命令之后执行，因此会覆盖.wgetrc中相同的配置项。

    这里robots=off是因为wget默认会根据网站的robots.txt进行操作，如果robots.txt里是User-agent: * Disallow: /的话，wget是做不了镜像或者下载目录的。

    这就是前面为什么下载不了图片和其他资源的原因所在了，因为你要爬的HOST禁止蜘蛛去爬它，而wget使用 -e robots=off 这个选项可以通过这个命令绕过这个限制。

-x 创建镜像网站对应的目录结构

-q 静默下载，即不显示下载信息，你如果想知道wget当前在下载什么资源的话，可以去掉这个选项

-m 它会打开镜像相关的选项，比如无限深度的子目录递归下载。

-t times 某个资源下载失败后的重试下载次数

-w seconds 资源请求下载之间的等待时间（减轻服务器的压力）

剩下有不懂的你就去挖文档吧。

写好后保存退出，执行：

chmod 744 wget_cc

OK，这样脚本就能直接执行，而不用在每条命令前带 /bin/sh 让sh去解释它了。

下面就让脚本执行起来吧！

./wget_cc ./download http://www.baidu.com

下载完成后的目录结构

OK，然后再查看<img>标签中的src属性，

src="img/bd_logo1.png"

果然换成了相对路径啊，大功告成，觉得对您有帮助的请点个赞吧！

这里是Freestyletime@foxmail.com，欢迎交流。

来自：http://my.oschina.net/freestyletime/blog/356985